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Stratum 1 is populated with hosts with bus or serial interfaces to reliable sources of time, such as radio clocks, GPS satellite timing receivers, or atomic clocks.
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This number specifies the accuracy of each server, with the topmost level (primary servers) assigned as 1 and each level downward (secondary servers) in the hierarchy assigned as one greater than the preceding level. The NTP subnet consists of a multiple redundant hierarchy of servers and clients, with each level in the hierarchy identified by a stratum number. These host are used for backup in case of failure of the primary and/or secondary servers or the communication paths between them. For reliability, selected hosts are equipped with less accurate (and less expensive) radio clocks. In order to reduce the protocol overhead, the secondary servers distribute time to the remaining local-net hosts. Local-net hosts or gateways, acting as secondary time servers, use NTP to communicate with one or more of the primary servers. NTP provides a protocol to pass timekeeping information from these servers to other time servers via the Internet and to cross-check clocks and correct errors arising from equipment or propagation failures. In the NTP model, a number of primary reference sources, synchronized by wire or radio to national standards, are connected to widely accessible resources, such as backbone gateways, and operated as primary time servers.
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"Controlling the Changes NTP Makes to Your System Clock"įor information about starting and stopping the NTP service, controlling access to it, and setting basic and communication options, see Chapter 2, " Configuring Services with the Cisco Service Manager." Overview.
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"Deriving Time from Your Local System Clock".This chapter describes how the Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronizes a system clock with another time source. We also suggest a few countermeasures to mitigate the proposed attack.Synchronizing Clocks with the NTP Service We also perform experiments to measure the overall attack surface by scanning the entire IPv4 address space and show that the NTP broadcast mode is being used in the wild by several low stratum (highly accurate) hosts. We test the attack in real networks and show that it is effective in both authenticated and unauthenticated broadcast/multicast modes of NTP. In this paper, we describe a new attack that can prevent a client configured in NTP broadcast mode from synchronizing its clock with the server. An unsynchronized clock may lead to the failure of various core Internet services including DNS and RPKI based interdomain routing and opens the path for more sophisticated attacks. The clock synchronization is necessary for many network applications to function correctly. Network Time Protocol (NTP) is used by millions of hosts on the Internet today to synchronize their clocks.